California Air Resources Board (CARB) -The state agency that regulates the air quality in California. CARB standards are often stricter than federal standards.
California Low-Emission Vehicle Program - State requirement for automakers to produce vehicles with fewer emissions than current U.S. Department of Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) standards. The four categories of California Low-Emission Vehicle Program standards from least to most stringent are transitional low emission vehicles (TLEVs), low emission vehicles (LEVs), ultra low emission vehicles (ULEVs), and zero emission vehicles (ZEVs).
California Pilot Program - Federal program, administered by EPA under the Clean Air Act, which sets lower emission standards (relative to cars in the general U.S. market) for a set number of new passenger cars and light trucks sold in California. Beginning in 1996, the program will require the sale of 150,000 clean vehicles in the state. In 1999 that number increased to 300,000 annually. California must mandate availability of any fuel necessary to operate clean fuel vehicles.
Canola - a trademarked hybrid of rape initially bred in Canada. Bred for low acid levels.
Capacity -The maximum power that a machine or system can produce or carry safely. The maximum instantaneous output of a resource under specified conditions. The capacity of generating equipment is generally expressed in kilowatts or megawatts.
Capital Cost - The total investment needed to complete a project and bring it to a commercially operable status. The cost of construction of a new plant. The expenditures for the purchase or acquisition of existing facilities.
Carbohydrate - A chemical compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Includes sugars, cellulose, and starches.
Carbonation - Combining with Carbon dioxide. When NaOH is left exposed to air CO2 from the air will form Sodium Carbonate from the Sodium Hydroxide making it useless for making biodiesel.
Carbon Chain - The atomic structure of hydrocarbons in which a series of carbon atoms, saturated by hydrogen atoms, form a chain. Volatile oils have shorter chains. Fats have longer chain lengths, and waxes have extremely long chains.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - A product of combustion that has become an environmental concern in recent years. CO2 does not directly impair human health, but is a greenhouse gas that traps the Earth's heat and contributes to the potential for global warming.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) - A colorless, odorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels with a limited oxygen supply, as in automobile engines. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, CO contributes to the formation of smog ground-level ozone, which can trigger serious respiratory problems.
Carbon-neutrality – Generally carbon neutrality refers to the balance maintained when a fossil fuel is burned, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere, and the use of a renewable fuel to produce a comparable amount of energy so that the net balance of CO2 emissions are balanced with CO2 used to produce the renewable energy source.
Carbon sequestration – Carbon sequestration is the process of removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Current technology research and development seeks to capture and store the CO2 and store it in sinks, while releasing oxygen (O2) into the atmosphere. The process of carbon capture and storage is often referred to as CCS.
Carbon sink - A geographical area whose vegetation and/or soil soaks up significant carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Such areas, typically in tropical regions, are increasingly being sacrificed for energy crop production.
Carboxyl - The univalent radical, COOH, the functional group characteristic of all organic acids.
Carcinogens - Chemicals and other substances known to cause cancer.
Catalyst - A substance whose presence changes the rate of chemical reaction without itself undergoing permanent change in its composition. Catalysts may be accelerators or retarders. Most inorganic catalysts are powdered metals and metal oxides, chiefly used in the petroleum, vehicle, and heavy chemical industries. In biodiesel production NaOH and KOH are the catalyst for transesterfication. While they are used in the saponification side reaction, they are still considered a catalyst since without a strong metallic base, transesterfication would not take place.
Cellulase - Enzymes that act to degrade cellulose. Cellulases are produced commonly by fungal and microbial organisms.
Cellulose - The carbohydrate that is the principal constituent of wood and other biomass and forms the structural framework of the wood cells. It is a polymer of glucose with a repeating unit of C6H10O5 strung together by ß-glycosidic linkages. The ß-linkages in cellulose form linear chains that are highly stable and resistant to chemical attack because of the high degree of hydrogen bonding that can occur between chains of cellulose. Hydrogen bonding between cellulose chains makes the polymers more rigid, inhibiting the flexing of the molecules that must occur in the hydrolytic breaking of the glycosidic linkages. Hydrolysis can reduce cellulose to a cellobiose repeating unit, C12H22O11, and ultimately to glucose, C6H12O6. Heating values for cellulose may be slightly different based upon the feedstock.
Cellulosic ethanol - Cellulosic ethanol or cellanol is ethanol fuel produced from cellulose, a naturally occurring complex carbohydrate polymer commonly found in plant cell walls. Cellulosic ethanol is chemically identical to ethanol from other sources, such as corn or sugar, and is available in a great diversity of biomass including waste from urban, agricultural, and forestry sources. However, it differs in that it requires an extra processing step called cellulolysis -- breaking cellulose down into sugars. Cellulosic ethanol has been for sale commercially since 2004.
CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality. An advisory council to the President established by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The CEQ reviews federal programs for their effect on the environment, conducts environmental studies, and advises the president on environmental matters.
Certification of Higher Learning in Alternative Motorfuels Program (CHAMP) - A national program established by DOE to implement Section 411 of the Energy Policy Act of 1992.
Cetane - Ignition performance rating of diesel fuel. Diesel equivalent to gasoline octane.
Cetane Number - Measure of fuel ignition characteristics. Like the octane number used for gasoline, the higher the value, the better the fuel performance. A higher cetane number correlates with improved combustion, improved cold starting, reduced noise, white smoke, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate emissions particularly during early warm-up phase. The EPA uses this parameter as a measure of aromatic content in fuel.
Cetane Rating - Measure of diesel’s combustion quality
cfm - Cubic feet per minute (1000 cfm = 0.472 cubic meters per second, m3/s)
Char - The remains of solid biomass that has been incompletely combusted, such as charcoal if wood is incompletely burned.
Chips - Small fragments of wood chopped or broken by mechanical equipment. Total tree chips include wood, bark, and foliage. Pulp chips or clean chips are free of bark and foliage.
Chlorofluorocarbon - A family of chemicals composed primarily of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, and fluorine. Used principally as refrigerants and industrial cleansers. Chlorofluorocarbons have the tendency to destroy the Earth’s protective ozone layer.
Clarifier - A tank used to remove solids by gravity, to remove colloidal solids by coagulation, and to remove floating oil and scum through skimming.
Class I Area - Any area designated for the most stringent protection from air quality degradation.
Class II Area - Any area where air is cleaner than required by federal air quality standards and designated for a moderate degree of protection from air quality degradation. Moderate increases in new pollution may be permitted in Class II areas.
Clean Air Act (CAA) - Signed into law in 1963, then amended in 1970, and again in 1990 (see Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990). Includes emissions standard for mobile and stationary sources. Enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) - Amendments to the Clean Air Act of 1970. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created two new gasoline standards designed to reduce harmful fuel emissions for vehicles in highly polluted cities. The Act required gasoline to contain cleaner burning additives called fuel oxygenates such as ethanol. This Act recognized that changes in motor fuels and fuel composition would play a vital role in reducing pollution from motor vehicle exhaust.
Clean Cities Program - A voluntary program established and administered by DOE to increase AFV market penetration, particularly in more polluted urban areas. Clean Cities chapters are recognized by DOE as having successfully established a sulf-sustaining environment for AFVs. Specific chapters may include federal, state, and local government agencies, vehicle manufacturers and suppliers, fleet managers, utilities, local distribution companies, and other stakeholders. The first international entities joined the program in 1995.
Clean Diesel - An evolving definition of diesel fuel with lower emission specifications, which strictly limit sulfur content to 0.05 weight %; in California, aromatics content is further limited to 10 volume % (for large refiners).
Clean Fuel - Any fuel or power source that is used to certify a vehicle to the LEV, ILEV, ULEV, SULEV, or ZEV standard.
Clean Fuel Fleet Program - Implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as a provision of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to require cities with significant air quality problems to incorporate vehicles that will meet clean fuel emissions standards.
Clean Fuel Vehicle (CFV) - Any vehicle certified by EPA as meeting certain federal emissions standards. The three categories of federal CFV standards from least to most stringent are low emission vehicles (LEVs), ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs), and zero emission vehicles (ZEVs). The inherently low emission vehicle (ILEV) standard is voluntary and does not need to be adopted by states as part of the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program. CFVs are eligible for two federal programs, the California Pilot Program and the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program. CFV exhaust emissions standards for light-duty vehicles and light-duty trucks are numerically similar to those of CARB's California Low-Emission Vehicle Program.
Coarse Materials - Wood residues suitable for chipping, such as slabs, edgings, and trimmings.
Closed-Loop Carburetion - System in which the fuel/air ratio in the engine is carefully controlled to optimize emissions performance. A closed-loop system uses a fuel metering correction signal to optimize fuel metering.
Cloud Point - The temperature at which the first wax crystals appear and a standardized ASTM test protocol is used to determine this temperature.
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) - Federal regulations published by the Office of the Federal Registrar, National Archives, and Records Service of the General Services Administration.
Cogeneration - The sequential production of electricity and useful thermal energy from a common fuel source.
Coking – The formation of harmful carbon deposits on internal components of diesel engines.
Column - A vertical, cylindrical vessel used to increase the degree of separation of liquid mixtures by distillation or extraction.
Colloid - A stable system of small particles dispersed in something else. A multi-phase system in which one dimension of a dispersed phase is of colloidal size. Colloids are the liquid and solid forms of aerosols, foams, emulsions, and suspensions within the colloidal size class. Milk and smoke are both colloids. Colloidal size is typically.001 micron to 1 micron in any dimension. Dispersions where the particle size is in this range are referred to as colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, or colloidal suspensions.
Colloidal size - 0.001 micron to 1 micron in any dimension. Dispersions where the particle size is in this range are referred to as colloidal aerosols, colloidal emulsions, colloidal foams, or colloidal suspensions.
Colza - Eurasian plant cultivated for its seed and as a forage crop.
Combined Cycle - Two or more generation processes in series or in parallel, configured to optimize the energy output of the system. Combined-Cycle Power Plant: The combination of a gas turbine and a steam turbine in an electric generation plant. The waste heat from the gas turbine provides the heat energy for the steam turbine.
Combined Heat and Power - (CHP) See Cogeneration.
Commercial Forest Land - Forested land which is capable of producing new growth at a minimum rate of 20 cubic feet per acre/per year, excluding lands withdrawn from timber production by statute or administrative regulation.
Commercial Species - Tree species suitable for industrial wood products.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) - Natural gas that has been compressed under high pressures, typically 2000 to 3600 psi, held in a container. The gas expands when used as a fuel.
Compression Ignition - The form of ignition that initiates combustion in a diesel engine. The rapid compression of air within the cylinders generates the heat required to ignite the fuel as it is injected.
Combustion - The transformation of biomass fuel into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with oxygen in the air.
Combustion Air - The air fed to a fire to provide oxygen for combustion of fuel. It may be preheated before injection into a furnace.
Combustion Burning - The transformation of biomass fuel into heat, chemicals, and gases through chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with oxygen in the air.
Combustion Efficiency - (actual heat produced by combustion) divided by (total heat potential of the fuel consumed).
Combustion Gases - The gases released from a combustion process.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) - Natural gas that has been compressed under high pressure (typically 2000 to 3600 psi).
Compression-Ignition Engine - An engine in which the fuel is ignited by high temperature caused by extreme pressure in the cylinder, rather than by a spark from a spark plug. Diesel engines are compression-ignition engines.
Concentration - The ratio of mass or volume of solute present in a solution to the amount of solvent. The quantity of ethyl alcohol (or sugar) present in a known quantity of water.
Concentrated acid hydrolysis – concentrated acid hydrolysis is a method of converting biomass into cellulosic ethanol.
Condenser - A heat-transfer device that reduces a fluid from a vapor phase to a liquid phase.
Conditional Use Permit - A permit, with conditions, allowing an approved use on a site outside the appropriate zoning class.
Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement (CMAQ) Program - A federal grant program established by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Act of 1991 that allocates funds to states to help them simultaneously expand or initiate transportation services while improving air quality. CMAQ funds may be used to support alternative fuel and alternative fuel vehicle programs.
Conifer - Tree, usually evergreen, with cones and needle-shaped or scalelike leaves, producing wood known commercially as softwood.
Conservation - Efficiency of energy use, production, transmission, or distribution that results in a decrease of energy consumption while providing the same level of service.
Continuous Fermentation - A steady state fermentation system that operates without interruption; each stage of fermentation occurs in a separate section of the fermenter, and flow rates are set to correspond with required residence times.
Continuous-Flow Process - A general term for any number of biodiesel production processes that involves the continuous addition of ingredients to produce biodiesel on a continual, round-the-clock basis, as opposed to the batch process.
Conversion Efficiency - A comparison of the useful energy output to the potential energy contained in the fuel. The efficiency calculation relates to the form of energy produced. A direct comparison of the efficiency of different conversion processes can be made only when the processes produce the same form of energy output.
Conventional biofuels - Conventional biofuels such as bioethanol and biodiesel are typically made from corn, sugarcane and beet, wheat or oilseed crops such as soy and rape.
Converted or Conversion Vehicle - A vehicle originally designed to operate on gasoline or diesel that has been modified or altered to run on an alternative fuel.
Cooker - A tank or vessel designed to cook a liquid or extract or digest solids in suspension; the cooker usually contains a source of heat; and is fitted with an agitator.
Cooking - The process that breaks down the starch granules in the grain. This process makes the starch available for the liquefaction and saccharification steps.
Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) - Federal and private joint research and development program that is used to further technology commercialization.
Coppice Regeneration - The ability of certain hardwood species to regenerate by producing multiple new shoots from a stump left after harvest. Co-Products - The resulting substances and materials that accompany the production of ethanol by fermentation process. Depending on the type of ethanol facility, co-products can include livestock feed, corn sweeteners, corn oil, carbon dioxide and other value-added products. Cord: A stack of wood consisting of 128 cubic feet (3.62 cubic meters). A cord has standard dimensions of 4 x 4 x 8 feet, including air space and bark. One cord contains about 1.2 U.S. tons (oven-dry), i.e. 2400 pounds or 1089 kg.
Corn starch - Also known as cornflour, is the starch of the maize grain, commonly known as corn. It is also ground from the endosperm, or white heart, of the corn kernel.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) - Law passed in 1975 that set federal fuel economy standards (P.L. 94-163). The CAFE values are an average of city and highway fuel economy test results weighted by a manufacturer for either its car or truck fleet. CAFE is also a program created to determine whether vehicle manufacturers are complying with the gas mileage, or fuel economy, standards set by the federal government. The CAFE values are obtained by combining the city and highway fuel economy test results and computing an average that is weighted by vehicle sales.
Corrosion Inhibitors - Additives used to inhibit corrosion (e.g., rust) in the fuel system.
Co-solvents - Heavier molecular weight alcohols used with methanol to improve water tolerance and reduce other negative characteristics of gasoline/alcohol blends. Tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) was used commercially as a co-solvent for methanol/gasoline blends during the 1980s.
CPVC - Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride is a commonly available thermoplastic pipe with improved heat resistance properties over PVC. It is available in pipe sizes from �" to 12" and in both schedule 40 and schedule 80. CPVC is rated at 400 psi at 73 F and 100psi at 180 F. Biodiesel melts CPVC.
Cropland - Total cropland includes five components; cropland harvested, crop failure, cultivated summer fallow, cropland used only for pasture, and idle cropland.
Cross Flow Trays - Liquid flows across the tray and over a weir to a downcomer that carries it to the next lower tray. Vapors rise from the bottom of the column to the top passing through the tray openings and the pools of cross flowing liquid.
Cryogenic Storage - Extreme low-temperature storage.
Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) - An advisory council to the President established by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. The CEQ reviews federal programs for their effect on the environment, conducts environmental studies, and advises the President on environmental matters.
Cull Tree - A live tree, 5.0 inches in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) or larger that is non-merchantable for saw logs now or prospectively because of rot, roughness, or species. (See definitions for rotten and rough trees.)
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